Mc gregors theory x and y are still applicable in todays leadership styles. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. Theory x and theory y management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. The major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y. Leadership style and organizational performance have been researched extensively.
Theory x and theory y team management training from. Jul 08, 2017 it is something that makes people act or behave in a particular manner. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Advantages and disadvantages of theory x and y essay. Mcgregors theoryx and theoryy what is human resource. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. However, commentators and practitioners have often misinterpreted his ideas to assume exactly that. Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960 has examined theories on. However, beyond this commonality, the attitudes and assumptions they embody are quite different.
Douglas mcgregor put forward a theory of motivation, called as theory x and theory y. Jun, 2017 one topic you can expect to see at least once on the pmp exam is mcgregors theory x and theory y. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. Douglas mcgregor work is established in motivation theory. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Pdf leadership style and organizational performance have been. There is no evidence to confirm that either set of assumptions is valid. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by. Mcgregors theory x and y douglas mcgregor wrote the book the human side of enterprise in 1960 he examined individuals behaviour at work. Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube. Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y motivation. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y.
Douglas mcgregor wrote about theory x and theory y in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s. Mcgregors theories x and y introduction to business. Mcgregor recognized that x type workers are in fact usually the minority, and yet in mass organizations, such as large scale production environment, x theory management may be required and can be unavoidable. Mcgregor considered theoryx and theoryy as two perspectives of administration action. He is best known for his development of the theory x and theory y, a leadership theory on two different leadership styles.
The concept of theory x and theory y was developed by social psychologist douglas mcgregor. Sep 09, 2016 douglas mcgregor wrote about theory x and theory y in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Advantages of theory x and y the biggest advantage of using theory x. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. Theory x people dislike work, have little ambition, and are unwilling to take responsibility. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation.
There is no question that theory x and theory y had an incredible impact on management thinking. Mcgregor argued that these assumptions fall into two broad categories theory x and theory y. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Theory x and theory y, given by mcgregor, are explained below with the main assumptions of each theory. In the 1960s, social psychologist douglas mcgregor developed two contrasting theories that explained how managers beliefs about what motivates their people. Read this article to learn about mcgregors theory of x and theory y. Conversely, mcgregor saw theory y managers as those that hold assumptions that. It describes two contrasting sets of assumptions that managers make about their people. Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. The present study explored the possibility that mcgregors 1960 theory x y assumptions serve as cognitive determinants of superior communicator style, a multidimensional set of style variables. The present study explored the possibility that mcgregors 1960 theory xy assumptions serve as cognitive determinants of superior communicator style, a multidimensional set of style variables.
May 15, 2017 the major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y. What might be less immediately understandable are the differing effects of. Theory x suggests that individuals have an instilled dislike for work and try to avoid it. Perception of management toward the employees in the banking industry of bangladesh article pdf available november 2017 with 9,339 reads. Theory x advanced the view that human beings have an innate dislike for work. Mcgregor recognised certain needs that theory x fails to take into account. It is to mcgregors thorough research and curiosity in behavior and incentive that we owe our current understanding of theory x and theory y.
Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by. Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it may be the system. They can only be made to get results at work by the application of. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theoryyof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors xy theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Mcgregor recognized that xtype workers are in fact usually the minority, and yet in mass organizations, such as large scale production environment, x theory management may be required and can be unavoidable. The outcomes of positive outlook at mankind in organizations let people participate in decisionmaking process, encouraging communication for improvement. My rationale is based on the fact that the assumptions of the leader on the part of the employee who is in the category of theory x reflects the total mental make up of an individual. In his book the human side of enterprise 1960, douglas mcgregor studied behavior patterns of individuals in the workplace, and formulated the x and y theory. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Mcgregor postulated 2 theories on human management and leadership which are theory x and theory y.
Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Mcgregors ideas about theory x and theory y were first articulated in his article. Each assumes that the managers role is to organize resources, including people, to best benefit the company. Based on the premises concerning human behaviour, prof. Mcgregor holds the opinion that theory x assumptions about organisation, management, and man are obstacles to performance, and productivity. It contains assumptions which he believed could lead to greater motivation and better fulfillment of both individual needs and organizational goals. Theory y is mcgregors other modem view of the nature of man. However, he found that an organisation driven solely by theory y could not succeed, as some sense of direction and structure was required. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of. X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit.
Mcgregor himself held to the belief that theory y assumptions were more valid than theory x. These theories are based on human behaviour in management. Contentsadvantages of theory x and ydisadvantages of theory x and ydifference between theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y have both their advantages and disadvantages, though many would prefer to call them their strengths and weaknesses. Mcgregors theory is also from are one of those theories that comprise much influence on both the management and the employee. Do you care about the goals of the organization that you work for, or do you focus more on getting a regular paycheck to bring home. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Theoryx and theoryy management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit his theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960.
Theory x and theory y assumptions, merits and demerits. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. Abstract what motivates you to do a great job when you go to work. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y management. From this he formulated two models of management based on hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. In his theory about management attitudes at two opposite poles mcgregors theory x and theory y, he never intended to indicate that x was bad and y good, nor that any leader should find a spot between the two and set up camp. Theory x and theory y management oxford bibliographies. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation.
Pdf theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia. What might be less immediately understandable are the differing effects of theory x and y on resulting behavior and productivity. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. The climate in a theory x organisation tends to be impersonal and the theory suggests carrot and stick approach to motivation. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y of management represent two fundamental approaches to employee engagement carson, 2005. To learn more about theory x and theory y, see the article at. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a famous management professor in the field of personal development and motivational theory. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation.
So, in place of theory x mcgregor proposed a new theory broadly recognized as theory. Mcgregors xy theory remains central to organizational development, and to improving. He has given two pairs of assumptions about human beings which were implied by the actions of managers in the organization. Douglas mcgregors theory x vs theory y lucidchart blog. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of management thinking and practice by. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. Theory x and theory y were part of mcgregors philosophy of management, which represented a fundamental change in management thought and practice. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take. Douglas mcgregor, one of maslow s students, influenced the study of motivation with his formulation of two contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature theory x and theory y. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations seemed to believe. However, modern revisions including contingency theorists argue that theory y is not essentially a progressive alternative to a dull theory x. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. Not at all like in principle x, mcgregor begins from the suspicion in principle y that individuals have diverse requirements.
Theory x and theory y of motivation theory x and theory y of motivation by mcgregor s. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. Nov 25, 2019 theory x and theory y of motivation theory y. Theory y theory y expounds a participative style of management that is decentralized. Theory x is a conventional approach to motivation, based on negative assumptions. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. They are inadequate to realize all the human potentialities. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. How are mcgregors theories x and y and ouchis theory z used to explain worker motivation. According to mcgregor, organizations with a theory x approach tend to have several tiers of managers and supervisors to oversee and direct workers.
The human side of enterprise, mcgregor, 1957 and were expanded upon. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. It is important to understand the two terms, internal motivation and external motivation is made up of the forces which exist within an individual, i. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management.
First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Douglas mcgregor introduced two theories called as theoryx and theoryy based on the distinct views of human beings. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a. Theory x assumptions believe that workers must be controlled and threatened with punishment. Jan 28, 2017 douglas mcgregor introduced two theories called as theory x and theory y based on the distinct views of human beings. May 05, 2018 mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. It is something that makes people act or behave in a particular manner.
The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Mcgregor considered theory x and theory y as two perspectives of administration action. Mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. However, the literature has a limited number of studies concerning organizational performance of small and medium businesses, even less research on the impact on organizational performance of theory x and theory y type leadership styles. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Mcgregor s ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people.
According to mcgregor, theory x seeks to promote engagement by directing, monitoring. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of individuals. Theory y is based on a faulty conception of human nature. Theory y accept that individuals are naturally cheerful to work, they need to endeavor and they are persuaded to seek after destinations. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and.
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